Física matemática

[East Germany 1975; France 1958, 1994; Germany 1979, 1984, 1994; Nicaragua 1994]

Estatisticas

[Australia 1974; Belgium 1974; British Virgin Islands 1983; Israel 1962; Norway 1976]

Europa ocidental

[Croatia 1943; Czechoslovakia 1981, 1987; Romania 1945; Yugoslavia 1987]

Russia

[Russia 1933, 1946, 1951, 1957, 1963, 1996]

William Rowan Hamilton

[Ireland 1943, 1983, 1985, 2005]

Abel e Galois

[France 1984; Norway 1929, 1983, 2002]

Carl Friedrich Gauss

Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777–1855) lived in Göttingen and worked in many areas, ranging from complex numbers (numbers of the form a + bi, where i2 = –1) to astronomy and electricity. He gave the first satisfactory proof that every polynomial equation has a complex root, and in number theory he initiated the study of congruences and proved the law of quadratic reciprocity.
 Gauss also investigated which regular polygons can be constructed with ruler and compasses, proving that a regular n-gon can be so constructed when n is a power of 2 times a product of different Fermat primes of the form 2k + 1 (where k is a power of 2) such as 17 (as shown on the East German stamp) or 65,537.  
[East Germany 1977; Germany 1955, 1977; Nicaragua 1994]

Leibniz e Bernoulli

[Albania 1996; Germany 1966, 1980, 1996; St Vincent 1991; Switzerland 1994]

Isaac Newton

 [Dubai 1971; North Korea 1993; Russia 1987]

Blaise Pascal

[France 1944, 1962; Korea 2014; Monaco 1973]

Mersenne e Fermat

[Czech Republic 2000; France 2001; Liechtenstein 2004]

René Descartes

 [Albania 1996; France 1937; Monaco 1996]

Reformar o calendário

[Germany 1982; Great Britain 1975, 1984; Italy 1945; Tonga 1984; Vatican 1982, 2012]

Galileo Galilei

[Ireland 2000; Italy 1942, 1964, 1983; Russia 1964]

Johannes Kepler

 [Czech Republic 2009; Germany 1971; Hungary 1980]

Tycho Brahe

[Ascension 1971; China 2011; Denmark 1946, 1973]

Copérnico

[East Germany 1973; Pakistan 1973; Venezuela 1973]

Pedro Nunes

One of the first European mathematicians to apply mathematical techniques to cartography was Pedro Nunes (1502–1578), Royal cosmographer and the leading figure in Portuguese mathematics and nautical science. Nunes wrote extensively on spherical geometry, astronomy, navigation and algebra.
 In his 1537 treatise on the sphere he showed how to represent rhumb lines or loxodromes (the path of a ship on a fixed bearing) as straight lines; on the globe these are spirals that converge to the poles. He also constructed nonius scales for accurately measuring fractions of a degree; these were used by navigators when measuring the heights of stars with a quadrant.
[Portugal 1978, 2002]

Nasir al-Din al-Tusi

A later unsuccessful attempt to prove Euclid’s parallel postulate was provided by the Persian mathematician Nasir al-Din al-Tusi (1201–1274). Al-Tusi wrote substantial works on astronomy and constructed the first modern observatory. He also wrote influential treatises on astronomy, logic, theology and ethics, and his extensive investigations into plane and spherical trigonometry included the sine rule for triangles.
 [Azerbaijan 2001; Iran 1956; Syria 2000]

Alhazen e Omar Khayyam

[Albania 1997; Dubai 1967; Pakistan 1969; Qatar 1971]